How do I cite sources in footnotes or endnotes instead of in-text citations?

Citing sources in footnotes or endnotes instead of in-text citations is a common practice, particularly in certain academic disciplines and publishing styles such as Chicago/Turabian. Here’s how to cite sources using footnotes or endnotes:

1. Footnotes/Endnotes Format:

• In footnotes or endnotes, each citation is typically listed at the bottom of the page (for footnotes) or at the end of the document (for endnotes).
• Footnotes are usually numbered sequentially throughout the paper, while endnotes are placed at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document, also numbered sequentially.
• Both footnotes and endnotes are indicated in the text by superscript numbers, which correspond to the numbered citation at the bottom of the page or end of the document.

1. Citation Format:

• For each source cited, include the following information:
  • Author(s) name (if available)
  • Title of the work (book, article, etc.)
  • Publication information (publisher, journal title, volume/issue, page numbers, etc.)
  • Publication date
• The exact format of the citation may vary depending on the type of source (book, journal article, website, etc.) and the specific citation style being used (e.g., Chicago/Turabian notes-bibliography style).

1. Examples:

• Book:
  • Author’s Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page number.
• Journal Article:
  • Author’s Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal Volume number, Issue number (Year): Page range.
• Website:
  • Author’s Name, “Title of Webpage,” Website Name, Publication Date (if available), URL.

1. Repeated Citations:

• If you cite the same source multiple times, you can use a shortened citation format for subsequent citations. Include the author’s last name, a shortened version of the title (if applicable), and the page number.
• Example: Author’s Last Name, Shortened Title, Page number.

1. Bibliography/Reference List:

• In addition to footnotes or endnotes, include a separate bibliography or reference list at the end of the document that provides full bibliographic information for each source cited.
• The bibliography/reference list should be organized alphabetically by the authors’ last names or by the title of the work if no author is available.

When using footnotes or endnotes to cite sources, always follow the specific guidelines of the citation style (e.g., Chicago/Turabian) being used, as there may be variations in formatting and punctuation.