Citing sources with no author or publication date requires slightly different approaches depending on the citation style being used (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). Here’s how to handle such situations in each style:
- APA (American Psychological Association):
- For sources with no author:
- Use the title of the work in place of the author’s name in both the in-text citation and the reference list.
- Example: (“Title of Article,” Year)
- For sources with no publication date:
- Use “n.d.” (meaning “no date”) in place of the publication year in both the in-text citation and the reference list.
- Example: (“Title of Article,” n.d.)
- MLA (Modern Language Association):
- For sources with no author:
- Use the title of the work in the in-text citation and the works cited list.
- Example: (“Title of Article”)
- For sources with no publication date:
- Omit the publication date in both the in-text citation and the works cited list.
- Example: (Smith)
- Chicago/Turabian:
- For sources with no author:
- Use the title of the work in the in-text citation and the bibliography.
- Example: (Title of Article)
- For sources with no publication date:
- Include “n.d.” (meaning “no date”) after the title in both the in-text citation and the bibliography.
- Example: (Title of Article, n.d.)
When citing sources with no author or publication date, it’s important to provide as much information as possible to help readers locate the source. If the source is a webpage, consider including the URL in the citation as well. Always consult the specific guidelines of the citation style you are using for the most accurate formatting.
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