How do I format in-text citations according to different citation styles?

Formatting in-text citations varies depending on the citation style being used. Here’s how to format in-text citations according to different citation styles:

1. APA (American Psychological Association):

• In-text citations include the author’s last name and the publication year, separated by a comma and enclosed in parentheses.
• Example: (Smith, 2019)
• If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, only the publication year needs to be included in parentheses.
• Example: According to Smith (2019), …

1. MLA (Modern Language Association):

• In-text citations include the author’s last name and the page number(s) of the source, separated by a space.
• Example: (Smith 123)
• If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, only the page number(s) need to be included in parentheses.
• Example: According to Smith (123), …

1. Chicago/Turabian:

• Chicago offers two main documentation styles: notes-bibliography and author-date.
• For notes-bibliography style, in-text citations use superscript numbers that correspond to footnotes or endnotes containing the full citation information.
• Example: Text text text.^1^
• For author-date style, in-text citations include the author’s last name and the publication year, separated by a comma and enclosed in parentheses.
• Example: (Smith 2019)

1. Harvard:

• Harvard style is similar to APA style, where in-text citations include the author’s last name and the publication year, separated by a comma and enclosed in parentheses.
• Example: (Smith 2019)
• If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, only the publication year needs to be included in parentheses.
• Example: According to Smith (2019), …

Remember to include a corresponding entry in the reference list or bibliography for each in-text citation, providing full publication details of the source. Additionally, ensure consistency in formatting and adhere to the specific guidelines of the chosen citation style.